A clinical case of disorders of hepatic function and possibilities of their correction after COVID-19 based on foreign and domestic recommendations

Due to the complex epidemiological situation resulting from the infection of COVID-19, doctors of various spe-cialties have a number of questions regarding the tactics of patients' management. Current data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to affect all organs and systems of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract. Liver is one of the target organs, affected by COVID-19 infection. The authors consider the latest foreign and domestic recommendations for the treatment of patients with hepatic lesions. A clinical case of hepatic dysfunction and possibilities of its correction after COVID-19 have been outlined. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of changes in liver samples are highlighted, including immune activation and inflammation caused by cytokines with the initiation of cytokine storm, coagulopathy and multiple organ failure, cytotoxicity due to virus replication in cholangiocytes and hepatocytes with the participation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and serine prote-ase-2 receptors, severe hypoxia caused by vascular endothelium damage, drug-induced liver damage caused by hepatotoxicity and immune-mediated damage, reactivation of previously existing liver diseases (hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as progression and decompensation of liver cirrhosis). The domestic algo-rithm for the management of patients with liver diseases, hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 infection, involves the control of liver samples once every 2 — 3 months, annual control of fibrosis degree, correction of diet and lifestyle, minimization of drug therapy, administration of drugs (hepatoprotectors) and correction of micro-circulation processes and functions of other organs/systems. The presented clinical case demonstrates the importance of timely treatment of liver functional disorders and the need for dynamic monitoring of the condition of patients who have contracted COVID-19. © 2022, Publishing Company VIT-A-POL. All rights reserved.

Tropism of COVID-19 to digestive organs. Features of damage and approaches to treatment

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was recognized by the World Conservation Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. As of May 31, 2020, more than 6 million cases were recorded in almost all countries. The etiological factor of the disease is a new coronavirus of severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the genus b-coronaviruses, as well as other already known pathogens of this family — SARS and coronavirus of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS). About 350 thousand people died as a result of the disease. More than 2.5 million people have recov-ered. To date, it has been proven that SARS-CoV-2 can affect all organs and systems of the body (lungs — pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, brain — encephalitis, cardiovascular system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract). The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include: fever and other manifestations of the respiratory system (headache, rarely — runny nose, loss and/or change in taste and smell, dry cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, etc.), and also symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), such as loss of appetite, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, increased liver transaminases, exacerbation of chronic gastrointestinal diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, etc.). Data from Chinese studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 RNA is present not only in airway material but also in faecal samples from infected patients. These data demonstrate the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to actively affect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract, which is important for the choice of tactics for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, as well as to prevent the spread of infection. Numerous studies have shown varying degrees of liver damage in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 case studies did not pinpoint the exact cause of liver damage, and there is no clear evidence of an interaction between liver damage and COVID-19. Research is ongoing. Due to the low level of awareness of physicians about the effects of COVID-19 on the gastrointestinal tract, it is advisable to review exist-ing data in order to increase the effectiveness of diagnosis, treatment and dynamic supervision of patients. This article discusses the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the gastrointestinal tract. Particular attention is paid to liver damage in COVID-19, as well as the impact of liver complications on the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment and prognosis. © 2020, Publishing Company VIT-A-POL. All rights reserved.

PERFORMING COVID-19: TRUMP'S SHIFT OF RHETORIC DURING THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS IN THE USA

The article studies American President Donald Trump's discourse within the period between January and March, 2020, when he had to respond to the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak in the USA. The material of the research was collected through continuous sampling and contains the president's tweets, interviews and White House briefing conferences. The method applied to analyze the sample is three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that ensures achieving the purpose of the study, namely to explore Trump's discursive strategies employed to address the coronavirus crisis, to preserve the politician's domination in the public discourse and to react to the criticisms of his opponents and oppositional mass media that pictured the virus as a dire threat and accused the president of inefficacy and negligence. The analysis has revealed a shift in Trump's discursive strategies starting from the middle of March, 2020: while in January the president attempted to maintain the social order by presenting the coronavirus as ordinary, emphasizing US authorities' success in curbing its spread and accusing opponents of alarmism, in late March, however, Trump admitted the sweeping scope of the pandemic and even claimed his prior knowledge of its danger. Thus, the research has uncovered the president's strategies used to recontextualize his actions towards the ongoing events and to create new representations of social reality aimed at hegemonizing his opponents' discourse that conquered the US public sphere. © 2023 South-West University Publishing House, Faculty of Philology. All rights reserved.

The Language of Job Advertisements as Part of Employer Branding

The article offers the analysis of job advertisements as part of employer branding from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. It gives the insight into how the companies attract prospective employees by creating a positive image of the company, which appeals to the target audience. The authors study online job advertisements with the intention of specifying which linguistic and visual means help create the brand of the company at the stage of recruitment. As part of CDA method, a wide range of social, economic and psychological contexts are taken into account when carrying out the analysis. The coding process of the analysis is performed at the descriptive and interpretative levels. The authors explore the structure of a typical online job post highlighting the unique characteristics of each element. The article focuses on the strategies and tactics employers use in Employer Description section in order to target the best candidates who share the same values, win acclaim for the company, and form its distinct image. Particular emphasis is placed on the outlining the primary components of successful employer branding and their linguistic expression. Extra consideration is given to the impact of prevailing social values on the choice of strategies implemented in the job advertisements. The authors consider the specifics of COVID-19 pandemic context and its reflection on recruitment. © 2022 Tata Institute of Social Sciences. All rights reserved.